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[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]//-->~~~VJ~VJ~trJ~,'-'5~"..Z~~~~~~~~ ~roU~~~'~~~..n~Q)~u~~o~~~Q~~azu~~~~FAIRCHILD's GOLDEN AGEbyAlan AbelAcknowledgementsThrough more than 25 years in aviation research and publishing, we have acquired varioushistorical aviation collections and have added these to our historical aviation archives, which myfamily has been collecting for more than 60 years. One such collection was the Paul Mattarchives, which included research material, three-view drawings, copyrights, airplanephotographs, newspaper and magazine articles of the era, etc.From these sources, as well as additional research, this book was produced.THE GOLDEN AGE OF AVIATION SERIESFirst Printing© Copyright 2008, Alan AbelPrinted in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or trans-mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any infor-mation storage or retrieval system, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in amagazine, newspaper or newsletter, without permission in writing from the publisher. The publisher takes no respon-sibility for use of materials in, nor for the factual accuracy of any portion of, this book.There are many individuals (some, sadly, deceased), too numerous to mention here, who eitherprovided inspiration and ideas for articles and books, including this one, or who havecontributed specific information and details forFairchild's Golden Age.I am particularly gratefulfor the generous sharing of ideas and information from the following:George H. Clapp, Herbert M. Harkcom, Theron K. Rinehart and Ken Molson for information anddetails of FC-1, FC-2 and FC-2W.Joe Juptner for information gleaned from hisU.S. Civil Aircraft Series.Steve Roth for information regarding the Fairchild 22.We have used many photographs from our collection of photos. When we have been able toidentify the originator of the photo, we have given credit next to the photo. Where we wereunable to locate a photo of a particular Fairchild model from our archives, I am grateful to AlanRenga of the San Diego Aerospace Museum for helping us procure such photos.Lastly, I wish to thank my mother and aviation historian Drina Welch Abel for her superbassistance in helping to organize the research material used in producing this book.ISBN: 978-1-891118-55-2Published byWind Canyon800hP.O. Box 511Brawley, CA 922271-800-952-7007e-mail: books@windcanyonbooks.comwww.windcanyonbooks.comLayout/Design: Janis Durelle BartlettCover Design:Wind Canyon Book!:©2008Front cover photos are courtesy of Alan AbelOther photo credits are noted by each photo where possible.Wind Canyon Book!:offers other book titles.Italso offers software applications work related to book publish-ing, including converting titles to multimedia CD-ROMs, DVDs and other computer formats. For further informa-tion, including details regarding the submission of manuscripts, contact the above address.,IContentsChapter1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526The Early Years of Sherman FairchildFairchild Cabin Airplane FC-1Fairchild FC-2Progress in Aerial Surveying andAerial PhotographyFairchild 71Military Use of the Fairchild AirplanesFairchild 21Fairchild 41&Fairchild 42Kreider-ReisnerFairchild 22Fairchild XC-31 Cargo CarrierFairchild 45, Fairchild's "Sedan of the Air"Fairchild 91 AmphibianFairchild 24Fairchild M-62 Cornell, PT-19, PT-23&PT-26The Duramold Process and the Fairchild 46The Fairchild Duramold Aircraft:AT-13, AT-14&AT-21World War IIPost World War II Fairchild NotesFairchild C-82&Fairchild C-119Fairchild M-129 (XNQ-1 or T-31)Fairchild C-123Fairchild F-27Post 1950 Developments at FairchildFairchild DiversificationThe Life and Death of Sherman FairchildChapter 1Page14The Early YearsofSherman FairchildhermanMil I sFairchildwas born April 7,1896in the small town ofOneonta, in upstateNew York. He was theonly child of GeorgeWinthrop Fairchild.George was a remark-able man in his ownright. George startedhis business career as aprinter's devil. Later,he financed the man-ufacture of one of theearl iest rotary news-paper printing pressesin the United States.For l2 years GeorgeFairchild served as aRepublican Congress-man in the U.S. Houseof Representatives.George was also abusinessman who builttime clocks and addingmachines. His com-pany and two othersmerged and becameInternational BusinessMachines at Endicott,New York. Georgewas one of the foun-ders and first presidentand chail111an of IBM.George Fairchildencouraged Sherman'scuriosity. The youngShennanFairchildShermanM.Fairchildsoon became a mechan-ical tinkerer with a factory full of machines andequipment to tempt an inventive mind. From an earlyage, Fairchild developed the habit of taking things apartto find out bow they worked and how they could workbetter. After a public school education, in1915Sherman enrolled in Harvard University but soon1226303338404350576063678291939899100117121125132136138Stransferred to theUniversity of Ari-zona because hisdoctors believedthe climate mighthelp his boutswith tuberculosis.While attendingthe University ofArizona, Shermanspent his time inaeria I photogra-phy classes as well ascourses in machineshop.At the end of theWorld WarIhe wentto New York Cityand enrolled in theSchool of Engi-neering at ColumbiaUniversity. Due topoor health and hisdesire to go intobusi ness, however,be graduated fromnone of these Uni-versities. Shermanfound his interestnaturally gravitatingtowardcameras.With his father's en-couragement and fi-nancial backing, beleft Columbia andstarted a company tobuild aerial cameras.He developed amethod of synchro-nizing the shutter of acamera and a flash ofartificial light for indoor photography.His first test of this automatic photography camewben he talked a Boston boxing promoter into lettinghim take photos of a fight. He had demonstrated theapparatus with a modest amount of flash powderbeforehand and things went well. By fight time, at theBoston arena, he had the camera at ringside and pouredthe magnesium powder onto the flashgun pan. Withutmost confidence he waited until the main event,hoping to catch one of the contestants delivering apunch. The moment came and Fairchild pressed therelease. Then, thunder, lightning and a puff of smokefilled the arena. Both boxers were blinded and the fightwas stopped. Sparks smoldered on the canvas and thecrowd went wild. Sherman later reflected, "I knewnothing really serious had happened so I took advantageof the confusion to leave the building." In his nextexperiment he said he burned most of his hair andeyelashes.In 1917, during World War I, Fairchild hadattempted to join the military. Because of poor healthSherman was not accepted into military service. Withaerial photography providing such an asset in Europeduring World War I for reconnaissance, Fairchild'sinterests turned to the aerial camera.Determined to help with the war effort, he and hisfather went to Washington to see if his experience withcameras might be useful. Shernlan volunteered hisservices to the U.S. Signal Corps as a civilian expert inphotography.Itwas then that he first encountered anaerial camera and the problem of image distortion inaerial photography. At the time, the military had aerialcameras that produced poor quality images because theshutter speed could not keep pace with the motion of theairplane.After making improvements to the standardcamera models then in use by the U.S. Army and Navy,late in 19.18, at age 22, Fairchild tried unsuccessfully tosell his camera to the government.He spent the better part of the next two yearsdevising a solution to the major problem of shutterspeed. Fairchild developed a design of his own. This1920 camera was made of lightweight metal. This wasan improvement over the wooden cameras.Italso wasthe first successful large, high-speed between-the-lensesshutter that was a major breakthrough in aerialphotographic technology. The between-the-Iens shutterexposed the film frame all at once as the cameramounted in the airplane moved tlu'ough the air, thuseliminating the image distortion that had previouslyprevented accurate aerial mapping.Itwas far inadvance of any other aerial camera then on the market.Sherman received much encouragement from Dr.Herbert Ives, who, at the time, was director of electro-optical research for Bell Telephone Laboratories.After making continuing improvements, he triedagain to sell his camera to the governn1ent. This timeCol. Billy Mitchell became interested and tests wereconducted at McCook Field. When Billy Mitchell sawit, he eagerly ordered it used to record his famousbattleship bombing tests. The U.S. Army Air Corpsthought highly of the cameras but they did not have thefunds when Fairchild asked $2,000 a piece in lots oftwenty. Although the Army did not accept his camerauntil the war had ended, it bought two for training.Captain A.B. Nesbit, purchasing officer, offered $1,800each. Fairchild took the money. Soon the Armyordered 20 more and in succeeding years the FairchildK-3 Camera became standard U.S. Air Corps issue.Itwould also become standard equipment of the U.S.Navy.Since the military could only use a few suchcameras it soon became apparent that Fairchild's newbrainchild had a very limited market. To remedy this heturned to developing the art of aerial map making andemphasized its application for civilian usage.The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Departmentfirst accomplished aerial mapping in the U.S. in the late1800s from captive balloons. These photos were adifferent matter than trying to get them from a movingaircraft. Each photo had to overlap the one takenpreviously and later was cut to match and formed a largemosaic.On a mapping mission in an airplane the pilot hadto maintain a constant altitude and a very straight coursewhile at the same time keeping the wings level for eachphoto exposed. The photographer had no less of aproblem. If the aircraft was "crabbing" into a crosswindto keep a straight course, then the camera had to beangled correspondingly. As early Fairchild pilotRichard (Dick) Depew put it, "The pilot's job was verysimple. Just like walking a tightrope, he had to fly awayward World War I biplane in a three dimensionalstraight line. All he was concerned with was keepingthe plane level, keeping it exactly above an imaginarystraight line drawn on the ground and not deviate a whitfrom a constant altitude. If he started his run at 14,000feet, he must end at 14,000 feet, and the plane must haveproceeded between the two at 14,000 feet." Since theairplanes had open cockpits, faces and hands sufferedfrostbite, making the already arduous task that muchmore difficult.The experience of dealing with the governmentleaves a lasting impression on Fairchild. He determinesthat in the future, whenever he undertakes anydevelopment, he will have first established a businessorganization behind it. Accordingly, the FairchildAerial Camera Corporation was formed on February 9,1920 to manufacture and market Fairchild's aerialcameras. Sherman was 24. . Soon he also obtainedmapping contracts and aerial surveying assignments.With these early mapping contracts, and with no priorexperience, little money was made for the company. Infact, the first contract to map the city of Newark, NewJersey for $7,000 cost the company nearly $30,000.Most of these early efforts were accomplished byDepew and a photographer in a Standard J-l or a CurtissOriole. The Standard J-I with its flat sides was better toline up ground targets, while the Oriole, although faster,its round sides made it harder to spot the target and tooperate the camera. Both airplanes were inefficient forthe tasks and difficult to work from. By the time theplanes had climbed to 10,000 to 14,000 feet, very littlefuel remained to carry out the mission. At this timethere were no production cabin aircraft suitable for suchdemanding work mainly because of the limited salesappeal. Most pilots still preferred to feel the air pressureon their faces, and such a plane, suitable as it would befor aerial photo work, did not warrant large investmentsby the industry.In 1921 the Army Air Corps used Fairchild'scameras to record battleship bombing tests. In 1922,with survey contracts from the Canadian government,Fairchild Aerial Surveys Ltd. of Canada was formedand a Standard J-l was sent to do the job.Itonly tookone photo mission to come to the conclusion that suchan antiquated plane was not suitable for the job,especially during Canada's winter months. Within ashort time, Fairchild's business proved to be of greatvalue for aerial timber surveys. Business began toimprove in 1923 and was supplemented with anotherairplane, an Oriole, both rented from the Curtiss FlyingService.Itwas decided to look for and purchase aircraftthat were better suited for the tasks.23 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
