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[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]MICHEL FOUCAULT
Security, Territory, Population
LECTURES AT THE COLLÈGE DE FRANCE,
1977-78
Edited by Michel Senellart
General Editors: François Ewald and Alessandro Fontana
English Series Editor: Arnold I. Davidson
TRANSLATED BY GRAHAM BURCHELL
palgrave
macmillan
1
CONTENTS
Foreword: François Ewald and Alessandro Fontana
Introduction: Arnold I. Davidson
one
11 JANUARY 1978
General perspective of the lectures: the study of bio-power. ~ Five
proposals on the analysis of mechanisms of power. ~ Legal system,
disciplinary mechanisms, and security apparatuses (
dispositifs
). Two
examples: (a) the punishment of theft; (b) the treatment of leprosy,
plague, and smallpox. ~ General features of security apparatuses (1):
the spaces of security. ~ The example of the town. ~ Three examples of
planning urban space in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: (a)
Alexandre Le Maître’s
La Métropolitée
(1682); (b) Richelieu; (c)
Nantes.
two
18 JANUARY 1978
General features of the apparatuses of security (II): relationship to the
event: the art of governing and treatment of the uncertain (
l’aléatoire
).
– The problem of scarcity (
la disette
) in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. – From the mercantilists to the physiocrats. – Differences
between apparatuses of security and disciplinary mechanisms in ways
of dealing with the event. – The new governmental rationality and the
2
emergence of “population.” – Conclusion on liberalism: liberty as
ideology and technique of government.
three
25 JANUARY 1978
General features of apparatuses of security (III). – Normation
(
normation
) and normalization. – The example of the epidemic
(smallpox) and inoculation campaigns in the eighteenth century. – The
emergence of new notions: case, risk, danger, and crisis. – The forms
of normalization in discipline and in mechanisms of security. –
Deployment of a new political technology: the government of
populations. – The problem of population in the mercantilists and the
physiocrats. – The population as operator (
operateur
) of
transformations in domains of knowledge: from the analysis of wealth
to political economy, from natural history to biology, from general
grammar to historical philology.
four
1 FEBRUARY 1978
The problem of “government” in the sixteenth century. ~ Multiplicity
of practices of government (government of self, government of souls,
government of children, etcetera). ~ The specific problem of the
government of the state. ~ The point of repulsion of the literature on
government: Machiavelli’s
The Prince.
~ Brief history of the reception
of
The Prince
until the nineteenth century. ~ The art of government
distinct from the Prince’s simple artfulness. ~ Example of this new art
of government: Guillaume de la Perrière
Le Miroir politique
(1555). ~
A government that finds its end in the “things” to be directed. ~
3
Decline of law to the advantage of a variety of tactics. ~ The historical
and institutional obstacles to the implementation of this art of
government until the eighteenth century. ~ The problem of population
an essential factor in unblocking the art of government. ~ The triangle
formed by government, population, and political economy. ~ Questions
of method: the project of a history of “governmentality.”
Overvaluation of the problem of the State.
five
8 FEBRUARY 1978
Why study governmentality? ~ The problem of the State and
population. ~ Reminder of the general project: triple displacement of
the analysis in relation to (a) the institution, (b) the function, and (c)
the object. ~ The stake of this year’s lectures. ~ Elements for a history
of “government.” Its semantic field from the thirteenth to the sixteenth
century. ~ The idea of the government of men. Its sources: (A) The
organization of a pastoral power in the pre-Christian and Christian
East. (B) Spiritual direction (
direction de conscience
)
. ~
First outline
of the pastorate. Its specific features: (a) it is exercised over a
multiplicity on the move; (b) it is a fundamentally beneficent power
with salvation of the flock as its objective; (c) it is a power which
individualizes.
Omnes et singulatim.
The paradox of the shepherd
(
berger
). ~ The institutionalization of the pastorate by the Christian
church.
six
15 FEBRUARY 1978
4
Analysis of the pastorate (continuation). ~ The problem of the
shepherd-flock relationship in Greek literature and thought: Homer,
the Pythagorean tradition. Rareness of the shepherd metaphor in
classical political literature (Isocrates, Demosthenes). ~ A major
exception: Plato’s
The Statesman.
The use of the metaphor in other of
Plato’s texts (
Critias, Laws, The Republic
). The critique of the idea of
a magistrate-shepherd in
The Statesman
. The pastoral metaphor
applied to the doctor, farmer, gymnast, and teacher. ~ The history of
the pastorate in the West, as a model of the government of men, is
inseparable from Christianity. Its transformations and crises up to the
eighteenth century. Need for a history of the pastorate. ~
Characteristics of the “government of souls”: encompassing power
coextensive with the organization of the Church and distinct from
political power. ~ The problem of the relationships between political
power and pastoral power in the West. Comparison with the Russian
tradition.
seven
22 FEBRUARY 1978
Analysis of the pastorate (end). ~ Specificity of the Christian pastorate
in comparison with eastern and Hebraic traditions. ~ An art of
governing men. Its role in the history of governmentaltiy. ~ Main
features of the Christian pastorate from the third to the sixth century
(Saint John Chrysostom. Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, Gregory the
Great, Cassian, Saint Benedict): (1) the relationship to salvation. An
economy of merits and faults: (a) the principle of analytical
5
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