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[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]Flavours and Fragrances
Chemistry, Bioprocessing and Sustainability
R. G. Berger (Ed.)
Flavours
and Fragrances
Chemistry, Bioprocessing
and Sustainability
With 231 Figures and 61 Tables
123
Prof. Dr. Ralf Günter Berger
Universität Hannover
FB Chemie, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie
Wunstorferstraße 14
30453 Hannover, Germany
rg.berger@lci.uni-hannover.de
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006939012
ISBN 978-3-540-49338-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
DOI 10.1007/b136889
is work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or
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Preface
Our ancestors lived in intimacy with nature and knew well that their survival
depended on a safe and fertile environment. e introduction of three-eld ro-
tation in the eighth century bc, for example, counteracted the depletion of soil
and increased crop yields without negative side eects. e rst denition of the
modern term “sustainability” is usually ascribed to forest chief captain H. C. von
Carlowitz, who in 1713 in his
Sylvicultura Oeconomica
formulated principles for
a sensible economy of wood. From J. S. Mill (
Of the Stationary State
) to modern
academic representatives, such as K. Boulding, D. E. Meadows (
e Limits to
Growth
), R. Easterlin and H. E. Daly, the “ecological economists” have remained
a concerned but rather ignored minority. e situation started to change aer
the famous Brundtland report (
Our Common Future
) of the UN dened sus-
tainability as a desirable characteristic of development, which will not only meet
current needs of people, but also will not jeopardise the ability of future gen-
erations to meet their demands and to choose their style of life. is denition
includes a social dimension and was also adopted by Agenda 21 of the UNCED
in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro.
A set of rules may aid in assessing the sustainable quality of a process:
•
Consumption and regeneration of the raw materials should be balanced.
•
Non-regenerative goods should be replaced.
•
Generation of waste and its biological elimination should be balanced.
•
Technical processes should match biological processes on the time scale.
A merely growth oriented economy must violate these rules. According to
the rst law of thermodynamics, energy in a closed system like the planet earth
is nite (if we neglect the solar photon ux). Today mankind secures its survival
by exploiting low-entropy resources, such as fossil fuels, concentrated minerals
and higher plants, and by converting them to high-entropy products, such as
carbon dioxide, cars and ne chemicals. However, as proven by our oce desks,
high entropy levels can only be lowered by energy input. Here the rst and the
second law of thermodynamics collide, and we apparently encounter the inner
core of the conict.
With the world running out of crude oil, species dying out at an alarming rate
and political leaders seemingly little concerned about the predicted disasters,
scientists should feel challenged to suggest solutions. A sustainable production
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